All in the golden afternoon...

"All in the golden afternoon" is the prefatory poem in the book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll. The book was first published in 1865 by London's Macmillan. The introductory poem recalls the afternoon on which he improvised the story about Alice in Wonderland on a boat trip from Oxford to Godstow, for the benefit of the three Liddell sisters, Lorina ("Prima"), Alice ("Secunda") and Edith ("Tertia"), with Alice being the one which inspired Carroll's main character.

Carroll's "All in the golden afternoon" has been included in some film and stage adaptations of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Among these include Disney's 1951 animated adaptation Alice in Wonderland, where it was used merely as a song title, and a 1972 play version created by director André Gregory and his theatre company. The latter used portions of the first and last stanzas of the poem to introduce the play's plot. The poem itself was also changed slightly and used as lyrics for a song by the German band Alphaville.

Full text
All in the golden afternoon

Full leisurely we glide;

For both our oars, with little skill,

By little arms are plied,

While little hands make vain pretence

Our wanderings to guide.

Ah, cruel Three! In such an hour,

Beneath such dreamy weather,

To beg a tale of breath too weak

To stir the tiniest feather!

Yet what can one poor voice avail

Against three tongues together?

Imperious Prima flashes forth

Her edict "to begin it"—

In gentler tones Secunda hopes

"There will be nonsense in it!"—

While Tertia interrupts the tale

Not more than once a minute.

Anon, to sudden silence won,

In fancy they pursue

The dream-child moving through a land

Of wonders wild and new,

In friendly chat with bird or beast—

And half believe it true.

And ever, as the story drained

The wells of fancy dry,

And faintly strove that weary one

To put the subject by,

"The rest next time—" "It is next time!"

The happy voices cry.

Thus grew the tale of Wonderland:

Thus slowly, one by one,

Its quaint events were hammered out—

And now the tale is done,

And home we steer, a merry crew,

Beneath the setting sun.

Alice! A childish story take,

And with a gentle hand,

Lay it where Childhood's dreams are twined

In Memory's mystic band,

Like pilgrim's withered wreath of flowers

Plucked in far-off land.

Poetic form
"All in the golden afternoon" is a poem made up of seven 6-line stanzas. Each of the stanzas follows the same general rhyme scheme as well: ABCBDB - every second, fourth, and sixth line rhymes. Additionally, it would do well to note that the 'B' lines are typically in iambic trimeter and thus have less syllables than their preceding and succeeding lines. The lines that do not rhyme are mostly in iambic tetrameter; the only exceptions to both of these lie in the second, third and seventh stanzas.

The first stanza also introduces the pun involving the three sisters' last name: Liddell. It thrice mentions the word little and plays off the fact that the pronunciation of both was quite similar.

Historical influences
This poem depicts the story of how, during the summer of 1862 and in the company of the three Liddell sisters and one Reverend Robinson Duckworth, Lewis Carroll composed "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". It is from the first-hand accounts of those summer days that the background for this poem becomes clearer.

Alice Pleasance Liddell was age 10 at the time that Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) first breathed life into Wonderland. Alice and her two sisters spent much of their free time with Lewis Carroll as well as Reverend Robinson Duckworth. During the summer, the group would often take meticulously planned expeditions up the Isis branch of the Thames river, complete with heaping picnic baskets and lessons in the art of rowing. It is during one of these excursions that the first real telling of Alice's Adventures takes place. The story would have faded away with the setting sun, as so many made up stories do, had not Alice insisted that the tales be written down especially for her.

The first copy of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (then titled "Alice's Adventures Under Ground") was a meticulously handwritten volume given personally to his special friend, Alice Liddell, who was the inspiration for the main character in his fantastical tales. When the story was about to be published as an actual book, Carroll added the poem as a preface. He felt that his tale was a bit frightening for sensitive, young children, and he hoped that the poem would soften the fearfulness of the story. It was a gateway into Wonderland. In doing so, Carroll dropped the original prose dedication to Alice Liddell which had read: "A Christmas Gift to a Dear Child in Memory of a Summer Day." Carroll did, however, insert the last stanza of the poem as a special message to her, a nod to their shared experience in the creation of Wonderland.

This poem closely follows what actually happened during those summer outings according to Alice Liddell. In the fifth stanza, the "weary one" refers to Carroll himself, whom Alice recalls saying, "And that's all till next time" to which she and her sisters would respond with, "Ah but it is next time." These snippets also help corroborate the rest of the history behind the poem. Additionally, Carroll and Alice cite that the day of the excursion described by the poem was "burning" hot; ironically, however, the day that they mention was cloudy, rainy and not particularly "golden."

Critical interpretations
The style of Lewis Carroll’s poems, including "All in the Golden Afternoon," were considered to emulate a more traditional and, as some considered even in his own time, outdated form of poetry. Readers at this time would have been looking for poetry full of wit, irony, and the expression of conflict, but in accordance with the poets that he most admired, such as Tennyson and the Rosettis, Carroll's poetry embodied the principles of beauty and wisdom. This poem in particular contains many of the standard themes of this older, romantic form of poetry—including a dreamy, picturesque landscape and a presupposed listener.

William Madden suggests that Lewis Carroll chose this outdated form of poetry for a purpose—the poems were not meant to stand alone, but to be a framework for the main piece of literature, "Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland". The poem puts the reader in the right frame of mind to interpret the themes in the novel—it is a compliment to his "work of nonsense." Without the context of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, the poem lacks meaning.